Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
Volume 18, Issue 6 , Pages 845-850 , November 2009

Four-segment classification of proximal humeral fractures revisited: A multicenter study on 509 cases

  • Kazuya Tamai, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Kazuya Tamai, M.D., Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293 Japan.
    • ,
  • Noriyuki Ishige, MD

      Affiliations

    • Matsudo Orthopaedic Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
    • ,
  • Shigehito Kuroda, MD

      Affiliations

    • Matsudo Orthopaedic Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
    • ,
  • Wataru Ohno, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
    • ,
  • Hiromoto Itoh, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
    • ,
  • Hiroshi Hashiguchi, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
    • ,
  • Norishige Iizawa, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
    • ,
  • Motohiko Mikasa, MD

      Affiliations

    • Matsudo Orthopaedic Hospital, Matsudo, Japan

References 

  1. Codman EA. The shoulder. New York: G. Miller & Co Medical Publishers; 1934;p. 313–31
  2. Court-Brown CM, Garg A, McQueen MM. The epidemiology of proximal humeral fractures. Acta Orthop Scand. 2001;72:365–371
  3. DeFranco MJ, Brems JJ, Williams GR, Iannotti JP. Evaluation and management of valgus impacted four-part proximal humerus fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006;442:109–114
  4. Edelson G, Kelly I, Vigder F, Reis ND. A three-dimensional classification for fractures of the proximal humerus. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86:413–425
  5. Hertel R, Hempfing A, Stiehler M, Leunig M. Predictors of humeral head ischemia after intracapsular fracture of the proximal humerus. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13:427–433
  6. Ishida T, Takase K, Kameoka T, Nakatani T, Yamamoto K. A proximal humerus fracture with the greater and lesser tuberosity. Kanto J Orthop Traumatol. 2008;39:9–13
  7. Ishige N, Mikasa M, Kuroda S, Maruta K. The classification of proximal humeral fractures. [in Japanese] Shoulder Joint. 2005;29:535–538
  8. Jakob RP, Miniaci A, Anson PS, Jaberg H, Osterwalder A, Ganz R. Four-part valgus impacted fractures of the proximal humerus. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73:295–298
  9. Neer CS. Displaced proximal humeral fractures. I. Classification and evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52:1077–1089
  10. Neer CS. Shoulder reconstruction. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1990;p. 363-420
  11. Neer CS. Four-segment classification of proximal humeral fractures: purpose and reliable use. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002;11:389–400
  12. Shiono S, Ogawa K, Ikegami H, Inokuchi W, Nakamichi N, Tanji A. The Neer classification of fractures of the proximal humerus. [in Japanese] Shoulder Joint. 2007;31:519–522
  13. Shrader MW, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Sperling JW, Rowland CM, Cofield RH. Understanding proximal humerus fractures. Image analysis, classification, and treatment. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2005;14:497–505
  14. Stableforth PG. Four-part fractures of the neck of the humerus. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1984;66:104–108
  15. Tamai K, Hamada J, Ohno W, Saotome K. Surgical anatomy of multipart fractures of the proximal humerus. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002;11:421–427
  16. Tamai K, Hamada J, Ohno W, Takemura M, Kuroda M, Mashidori H, et al. Proximal humeral fractures not described in the Neer classification. [in Japanese] Shoulder Joint. 2006;30:445–448

PII: S1058-2746(09)00083-4

doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2009.01.018

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
Volume 18, Issue 6 , Pages 845-850 , November 2009

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