Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
Volume 15, Issue 5 , Pages 562-566 , September 2006

Shoulder adaptive changes in youth baseball players

References 

  1. Adams JE . Little league shoulder: osteochondrosis of the proximal humeral epiphysis in boy baseball pitchers . Calif Med . 1966;105:22–25
  2. Andrews JR , Fleisig GS . Preventing throwing injuries . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 1998;27:187–188
  3. Bigliani LU , Codd TP , Connor PM , Levine WN , Littlefield MA , Hershon SJ . Shoulder motion and laxity in the professional baseball player . Am J Sports Med . 1997;25:609–613
  4. Brown GA , Tan JL , Kirkley A . The lax shoulder in females (Issues, answers, but many more questions) . Clin Orthop . 2000;372:110–122
  5. Cahill BR , Tullos HS , Fain RH . Little league shoulder: lesions of the proximal humeral epiphyseal plate . J Sports Med . 1974;2:150–152
  6. Carson WG , Gasser SI . Little Leaguer’s shoulder (A report of 23 cases) . Am J Sports Med . 1998;26:575–580
  7. Chang YW , Hughes RE , Su FC , Itoi E , An KN . Prediction of muscle force involved in shoulder internal rotation . J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 2000;9:188–195
  8. Crockett HC , Gross LB , Wilk KE , et al.   Osseous adaptation and range of motion at the glenohumeral joint in professional baseball pitchers . Am J Sports Med . 2002;30:20–26
  9. Fleisig GS , Andrews JR , Dillman CJ , Escamilla RF . Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms . Am J Sports Med . 1995;23:233–239
  10. Jobe CM . Superior glenoid impingement . Orthop Clin North Am . 1997;28:137–143
  11. Jobe CM . Superior glenoid impingement (Current concepts) . Clin Orthop . 1996;330:98–107
  12. Jones HH , Priest JD , Hayes WC , Tichenor CC , Nagel DA . Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise . J Bone Joint Surg [Am] . 1977;59:204–208
  13. Kibler WB , Chandler TJ , Livingston BP , Roetert EP . Shoulder range of motion in elite tennis players (Effect of age and years of tournament play) . Am J Sports Med . 1996;24:279–285
  14. Krahl H , Michaelis U , Pieper HG , Quack G , Montag M . Stimulation of bone growth through sports (A radiologic investigation of the upper extremities in professional tennis players) . Am J Sports Med . 1994;22:751–757
  15. Krahl HH , Michaelis U , Pieper H-G , et al.   The torsion of the humerus; its localization, cause and duration in man . Am J Anat . 1947;80:275–319
  16. Kvitne RS , Jobe FW , Jobe CM . Shoulder instability in the overhand or throwing athlete . Clin Sports Med . 1995;14:917–935
  17. Lyman S , Fleisig GS , Andrews JR , Osinski ED . Effect of pitch type, pitch count, and pitching mechanics on risk of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers . Am J Sports Med . 2002;30:463–468
  18. Mair SD , Uhl TL , Robbe RG , Brindle KA . Physeal changes and range-of-motion differences in the dominant shoulders of skeletally immature baseball players . J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 2004;13:487–491
  19. McMaster WC , Long SC , Caiozzo VJ . Isokinetic torque imbalances in the rotator cuff of the elite water polo player . Am J Sports Med . 1991;19:72–75
  20. Pappas AM , Zawacki RM , McCarthy CF . Rehabilitation of the pitching shoulder . Am J Sports Med . 1985;13:223–235
  21. Pappas AM , Zawacki RM , Sullivan TJ . Biomechanics of baseball pitching (A preliminary report) . Am J Sports Med . 1985;13:216–222
  22. Sethi PM , Tibone JE , Lee TQ . Quantitative assessment of glenohumeral translation in baseball players: a comparison of pitchers versus nonpitching athletes . Am J Sports Med . 2004;32:1711–1715
  23. Ticker JB , Fealy S , Fu FH . Instability and impingement in the athlete’s shoulder . Sports Med . 1995;19:418–426
  24. Tullos HS , Fain RH . Little league shoulder: rotational stress fracture of proximal epiphysis . J Sports Med . 1974;2:152–153
  25. Tullos HS , King JW . Throwing mechanism in sports . Orthop Clin North Am . 1973;4:709–720
  26. Werner SL , Gill TJ , Murray TA , Cook TD , Hawkins RJ . Relationships between throwing mechanics and shoulder distraction in professional baseball pitchers . Am J Sports Med . 2001;29:354–358
  27. Wolff J . Das Gesetz der Transformation der Knocken . Berlin: Hirschwald; 1892;

PII: S1058-2746(05)00385-X

doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2005.11.007

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
Volume 15, Issue 5 , Pages 562-566 , September 2006