Why is the humeral retroversion of throwing athletes greater in dominant shoulders than in nondominant shoulders?

References 

1. Brown LP , Niehues SL , Harrah A , Yavorsky P , Hirshman HP . Upper extremity range of motion and isokinetic strength of the internal and external shoulder rotators in major league baseball players . Am J Sports Med . 1988;56:577–585
2. Burkhead WZ , Arcand MA , Zeman C , Habermeyer P , Walch G . The biceps tendon . In:  Rockwood CA editors. The shoulder . 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004;p. 1059–1120
3. Codman EA . The shoulder . Boston: Thomas Todd; 1934;
4. Crockett HC , Gross LB , Wilk LE , Schwartz ML , Reed J , O’Mara J , et al.   Osseous adaptation and range of motion at the glenohumeral joint in professional baseball pitchers . Am J Sports Med . 2002;30:20–26
   • MEDLINE
5. Dempster WT . Mechanisms of shoulder movement . Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1965;46:49–70
   • MEDLINE
6. Origin and Comparative anatomy of the pectoral limb . In:  DePalma FA editors. Surgery of the shoulder . Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1950;p. 9–11
7. Edelson G . Variations in the retroversion of the humeral head . J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 1999;8:142–145
   • Abstract
   • Full-Text PDF (1408 KB)
   • CrossRef
8. Edelson G . The development of humeral head retroversion . J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 2000;9:316–318
   • Abstract
   • Full Text
   • Full-Text PDF (83 KB)
   • CrossRef
9. Feltner M , Dapea J . Dynamics of the shoulder and elbow joints of the throwing arm during a baseball pitch . Int J Sport Biomech . 1986;2:235–259
10. Fleisig GS Andrews JR , Dillman CJ , Escamilla RF . Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms . Am J Sports Med . 1995;23:233–239
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
11. Guidera KJ , Ganey TM , Kemeally CR , Ogden TA . The embryology of lower-extremity torsion . Clin Orthop . 1994;302:17–21
12. Haeckel EH . Indische Reisebriefe . 6th ed.. Berlin: Paetel; 1883;
13. Ito N , Eto M , Maeda K , Rabbi ME , Iwasaki K . Ultrasonographic measurement of humeral torsion . J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 1995;4:157–161
    • Abstract
    • Full-Text PDF (1495 KB)
    • CrossRef
14. Iwahori Y , Kato M , Sato K , Hanamura H . Loss of internal rotation of the throwing shoulders in little leaguers . [in Japanese] Katakansetsu . 2003;27:415–419
15. Krahl H , Michaelis U , Pieper H , Quack G , Montag M . Stimulation of bone growth through sports . Am J Sports Med . 1994;22:751–757
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
16. Osbahr DC , Cannon DL , Speer KP . Retroversion of the humerus in the throwing shoulder of college baseball pitchers . Am J Sports Med . 2002;30:347–353
    • MEDLINE
17. Pieper HG . Humeral torsion in the throwing arm of handball players . Am J Sports Med . 1998;26:247–253
    • MEDLINE
18. Pritchett JW . Growth plate activity in the upper extremity . Clin Orthop . 1991;268:235–242
19. Randelli M , Gambrioli PL . Glenohumeral osteometry by computed tomography in normal and unstable shoulders . Clin Orthop . 1986;208:151–156
20. Reagan KM , Meister K , Horodyski MB , Werner DW , Carruthers C , Wilk K . Humeral retroversion and its relationship to glenohumeral rotation in the shoulder of college baseball players . Am J Sports Med . 2002;30:354–360
    • MEDLINE
21. Sasaki J , Mura N , Takahara M , Harada M , Ogino T . Ultrasonographic assessment of the humeral retroversion in young baseball players . [in Japanese] Katakansetsu . 2004;28:233–236
22. Takeda Y , Maeda T , Fujii K . When is the humeral retroversion increased in the throwing shoulder of baseball players . [in Japanese] Katakansetsu . 2004;28:325–328
23. van Holsbeeck MT , Introcaso JH . Sonography of the dermis, hypodermis, periosteum, and bone . In: Musculoskeletal ultrasound . 2nd ed.. St Louis: Mosby; 2003;p. 355–356