Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
Volume 14, Issue 3 , Pages 279-285 , May 2005

Normalization of the Constant score

  • Leonid I. Katolik, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
    • ,
  • Anthony A. Romeo, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
    • ,
  • Brian J. Cole, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Brian J. Cole, MD, 1725 W Harrison, Suite 1063, Chicago, IL 60612
    • ,
  • Nikhil N. Verma, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
    • ,
  • Jennifer K. Hayden, MSN

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
    • ,
  • Bernard R. Bach, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

References 

  1. Backman E , Johansson V , Hager B , Sjoblom P , Henriksson KG . Isometric muscle strength and muscular endurance in normal persons aged between 17 and 70 years . Scand J Rehabil Med . 1995;27:109–117
  2. Bankes M , Crossman J , Emery J . A standard method of shoulder strength measurement for the Constant score with a spring balance . J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 1998;7:116–121
  3. Bankes MJ , Crossman JE , Emery RJ . A standard method of shoulder strength measurement for the Constant score with a spring balance . J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 1998;7:116–121
  4. Cahalan TD , Johnson ME , Chao EY . Shoulder strength analysis using the Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer . Clin Orthop . 1991;271:249–257
  5. Codine P , Bernard PL , Pocholle M , Benaim C , Brun V . Influence of sports discipline on shoulder rotator cuff balance . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1997;29:1400–1405
  6. Conboy VB , Morris RW , Kiss J , Carr AJ . An evaluation of the Constant-Murley shoulder assessment . J Bone Joint Surg Br . 1996;78:229–232
  7. Constant C . Age related recovery of shoulder function after injury . Cork: University College, Ireland; 1986; (Thesis)
  8. Constant C , Murley A . A clinical method of functional assessment of the shoulder . Clin Orthop . 1987;214:160–164
  9. Ellenbecker T , Roetert EP . Age specific isokinetic glenohumeral internal and external rotation strength in elite junior tennis players . J Sci Med Sport . 2003;6:63–70
  10. Fink B , Sallen V , Guderian H , Tillmann K , Ruther W . Resection interposition arthroplasty of the shoulder affected by inflammatory arthritis . J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 2001;10:365–371
  11. Gartsman GM , Roddey TS , Hammerman SM . Arthroscopic treatment of multidirectional glenohumeral instability (2- to 5-year follow-up) . Arthroscopy . 2001;17:236–243
  12. Gerber C , Arneberg O . Measurement of abductor strength with an electronical device (Isobex) . J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 1992;2(suppl 1):S6; (Abstract)
  13. Gerber C , Fuchs B , Hodler J . The results of repair of massive tears of the rotator cuff . J Bone Joint Surg Am . 2000;82:505–515
  14. Greenfield B , Donatelli R , Wooden M , Wilkes J . Isokinetic evaluation of shoulder rotational strength between the plane of the scapula and the frontal plane . Am J Sports Med . 1990;18:124–128
  15. Hossain S , Roy N , Ayeko C , Elsworth CF , Jacobs LG . Shoulder and elbow function following Marchetti-Vicenzi humeral nail fixation . Acta Orthop Belg . 2003;69:137–141
  16. Hughes RE , Johnson ME , O’Driscoll SW , An KN . Age-related changes in normal isometric shoulder strength . Am J Sports Med . 1999;27:651–657
  17. Jacobs R , Debeer P , De Smet L . Treatment of rotator cuff arthropathy with a reversed Delta shoulder prosthesis . Acta Orthop Belg . 2001;67:344–347
  18. Karlsson J , Magnusson L , Ejerhed L , et al.   Comparison of open and arthroscopic stabilization for recurrent shoulder dislocation in patients with a Bankart lesion . Am J Sports Med . 2001;29:538–542
  19. Kay SP , Dragoo JL , Lee R . Long-term results of arthroscopic resection of the distal clavicle with concomitant subacromial decompression . Arthroscopy . 2003;19:805–809
  20. Kirkley A , Griffin S , Dainty K . Scoring systems for the functional assessment of the shoulder . Arthroscopy . 2003;19:1109–1120
  21. Leggin BG , Neuman RM , Iannotti JP , Williams GR , Thompson EC . Intrarater and interrater reliability of three isometric dynamometers in assessing shoulder strength . J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 1996;5:18–24
  22. Levy O , Wilson M , Williams H , et al.   Thermal capsular shrinkage for shoulder instability. Mid-term longitudinal outcome study . J Bone Joint Surg Br . 2001;83:640–645
  23. Marechal E . Ruptures degeneratives de la coiffes de rotateurs de l’epaule: evaluation functionnelle: resultats du traitement chirurgical. Faculte de Medecine . Lyon, France: Universite Claude Bernard; 1990; (Thesis)
  24. Murray MP , Gore DR , Gardner GM , Mollinger LA . Shoulder motion and muscle strength of normal men and women in two age groups . Clin Orthop . 1985;192:268–273
  25. Newsham KR , Keith CS , Saunders JE , Goffinett AS . Isokinetic profile of baseball pitchers’ internal/external rotation 180, 300, 450 degrees.s-1 . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1998;30:1489–1495
  26. Shklar A , Dvir Z . Isokinetic strength relationships in shoulder muscles . Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) . 1995;10:369–373
  27. Yanmis I , Tunay S , Komurcu M , et al.   Outcomes of acute arthroscopic repair and conservative treatment following first traumatic dislocation of the shoulder joint in young patients . Ann Acad Med Singapore . 2003;32:824–827

PII: S1058-2746(04)00299-X

doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2004.10.009

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
Volume 14, Issue 3 , Pages 279-285 , May 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution